Refraction of light

Refraction is like the bending of light when it goes from one transparent material to another, like from air to water or glass.

Here's how it works:

1. **Change in Speed:** When light moves from one material to another, its speed changes. It slows down or speeds up depending on the materials involved.

2. **Bending Towards or Away:** The change in speed causes the light to bend. If it goes from air to water, it bends toward the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface). If it goes from water to air, it bends away from the normal.

3. **Change in Direction:** Because of this bending, the direction of the light changes. However, the frequency remains the same, so the color of the light doesn't change.

So, refraction explains why a straw in a glass of water looks bent or why a pencil in a glass of water appears disjointed – it's all about the bending of light as it moves through different substances.