Laws of Refraction

The laws of refraction are like guidelines that describe how light bends when it moves from one transparent material to another, such as going from air to glass or water.

Here are the key points:

1. **Bending Towards or Away:** When light enters a new material, it bends. If it goes from air to a denser material like glass, it bends toward the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface). If it goes from glass to air, it bends away from the normal.

2. **Change in Speed:** The speed of light changes when it moves from one material to another. It slows down in denser materials and speeds up in less dense ones.

3. **Angle of Incidence and Refraction:** The angle at which the incoming light hits the surface (angle of incidence) and the angle at which it bends inside the new material (angle of refraction) are related. This relationship is described by Snell's Law, which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of materials.

So, the laws of refraction help us understand how light changes direction and speed as it moves through different materials.

When I say a pencil in a glass of water appears "disjointed," I mean it seems to be broken or not continuous. This effect happens due to the bending of light (refraction) as it passes through the water, creating an optical illusion that alters the perceived position of the pencil.