SWOT with Narayankar

The choroid plexus is like a special factory in your brain that makes cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF for short. Think of CSF as the brain's natural cushioning and cleaning fluid. It's a clear liquid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord, keeping them safe from knocks and helping remove waste. The choroid plexus is made up of tiny, finger-like structures called villi. These villi are like the workers in the factory. They filter blood that flows through them and use some of its ingredients to create CSF. This CSF is then released into spaces in your brain called ventricles, and from there, it flows around your brain and spinal cord, doing its job of protecting and nourishing your nervous system. So, in simple terms, the choroid plexus is a brain factory that makes a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid, which keeps your brain and spinal cord safe and healthy.

Nerve impulses, also known as action potentials, are how our nervous system sends signals. Here's a simplified explanation of how it works: 1. **Starting the Signal:** It begins with a message, like when you touch something hot. Specialized cells called neurons detect this and decide to send a signal. 2. **Creating Electricity:** Neurons use electricity to send signals. Inside a neuron, there are ions (charged particles) that are unevenly distributed. This creates an electrical imbalance. 3. **Triggering the Action Potential:** When the neuron decides to send a signal, it opens special channels in its outer membrane. This allows positive ions like sodium (Na+) to rush into the neuron, briefly reversing the electrical charge. 4. **The Wave:** This reversal of charge is like a tiny electrical wave that travels down the neuron's long, skinny "wire" called the axon. 5. **Myelin Sheath (Optional):** Some neurons are wrapped in a fatty covering called myelin, which acts lik

i. Pre-synaptic neurons - The neuron carrying an impulse to the synapse is called the pre-synaptic neuron. ii. Post synaptic neuron - The neuron receiving input at the synapse is the post synaptic neuron. iii. Synaptic cleft - The intercellular space between two nerve cells.

i. Excitability/Irritability: Nerve fibres have polarised membta, thus they have the ability to perceive stimulus and enter into a state of activity. ii. Conductivity: It is ability of nerve to transmit impulses along the whole length of axon.  iii. Stimulus: It is any detectable, physical, chemical, electrical change in the external or internal environment which brings about excitation in a nerve/muscle/organ/organism. A stimulus must have a minimum intensity called threshold stimulus, in order to be effective. Subliminal (weak) stimulus will have no effect while supraliminal (strong) stimulus will produce the same degree of impulse as the threshold stimulus. iv. Summation effect: A single subliminal stimulus will have no effect but when many such weak stimuli are given again and again they may produce an impulse due to summation of effects. V. All or none law: The nerve will either conduct the impulse along its entire length or will not conduct the impulse at all (this occurs in ca

i. Oligodendrocytes: They are found in central nervous system. These cells have few branches. Oligodendrocytes mainly form myelin sheath around the central axons, which form the white matter of CNS. ii. Microglia or brain macrophages: These are small sized cells found in CNS with few branches. They are derived from monocytes and act as macrophages. They reach the site of injury, dead neurons and cell debris in the CNS. They mediate immune response in the CNS. iii. Astrocytes: These are star shaped and the most abundant glial cells of CNS. They have varied roles in the brain, secretion and absorption of neural transmitter and maintenance of blood- brain barrier (BBB). They regulate the transmission of electrical impulses with the brain. iv. Ependymal cells: They are found in CNS. These cells form single layer of squamous or columnar cells, often ciliated epithelial cells lining the ventricles or brain cavities and central canal of spinal cord. They are mainly responsible for production

i. Multipolar neuron has three parts - cyton or  cell body, dendrons and axon.  a. Cyton : 1. It has a distinct central nucleus with at nucleolus and neuroplasm.  2. The cytoplasm of cyton contains neurofibrils, Nissl's granules and other cell organelles.  3. Neurofibrils play an important role in transmission of nerve impulse. 4. Nissl's granules are riboprotein components. They play an important role in the synthesis of the enzyme required for formation of the neurotransmitter.  5. The cytons are generally found inside the brain, spinal cord (CNS) and in the ganglia. The small groups of cytons inside the white matter of brain are called basal nuclei . b. Dendrons :  1. These are small conical processes that arise from the cyton.  2. These are highly branched into fine dendrites. 3. Dendrons contain Nissl's granules and neurofibrils 4. They transmit messages towards the cyton. C. Axon :  1. It is a single long, usually unbranched process arising from the cyton at the a

i. Neuroglial cells are much greater in number than the neurons. ii. The different types of neuroglial cells are   oligodendrocytes, microglia or brain macrophages, astrocytes, satellite cells, ependymal cells and Schwann cells. iii. These are supporting cells of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. iv. Most of the supporting cells of the nervous system are derived from ectoderm . Ectoderm- the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development

i. The neural tissue consists of nerve cells or neurons and the neuroglia or glial cells.  ii. Outside the CNS, a nerve is a bundle of axons while inside the CNS it refers to tract. iii. Nerves along with nervous organs constitute the nervous system of the higher animals and bring about control and coordination of various activities of the body.  iv. The types of nerves are sensory , motor or mixed (both sensory and motor fibres). The nerves arising from the cytons of the CNS travel throughout the body transmitting the nerves impulses to or from the CNS.  v. The receptors carry the sensory inputs towards the central nervous system. Central nervous system interprets the inputs and then through the motor commands, the response is sent out.

The central canal of the brain is a tiny, tube-like structure that runs down the center of the spinal cord and some parts of the brain. Think of it like a very narrow tunnel filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which is a clear liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. This canal plays a crucial role in carrying cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central nervous system, providing nutrients and cushioning to the brain and spinal cord. It's like a natural plumbing system that helps maintain the health and function of these vital organs.

Think of your brain like a sponge inside your head. It's full of a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that helps protect and nourish your brain. Brain ventricles are like little hollow spaces or chambers inside your brain where this CSF is stored. There are four brain ventricles in total, and they're interconnected. The two largest ones are called the lateral ventricles, one in each hemisphere of your brain. They look a bit like the letter "C" on its side. The CSF flows through these ventricles, carrying nutrients and removing waste products from your brain. It's like a natural cleaning and nourishing system for your brain. If there's any problem with the ventricles or the flow of CSF, it can lead to health issues like hydrocephalus, which is when there's too much CSF in the brain. So, in simple terms, brain ventricles are small, fluid-filled spaces in your brain that help keep it healthy and functioning properly by circulating cerebrospinal fl

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is like a protective cushion for your brain and spinal cord. It's a clear, watery liquid that surrounds these important parts of your body. Here's what CSF does: 1. Protection: CSF acts like a shock absorber, helping to protect your brain and spinal cord from sudden movements or impacts. 2. Nutrient Transport: It carries essential nutrients to your brain cells and removes waste products, keeping your brain healthy. 3. Buoyancy: CSF makes your brain buoyant, so it doesn't weigh too much on your skull, reducing the risk of damage. 4. Chemical Balance: It helps maintain a stable chemical environment around your brain, ensuring it functions properly. CSF constantly circulates, and any changes in its composition can indicate health issues. Doctors can sometimes analyze CSF to diagnose certain neurological conditions.